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Therefore, further studies are required

With regard to kidney protection, in the doxorubicin (DOX) induced acute nephrotoxicity rat models, it was found that the treatment with L-theanine could attenuate the decrease of creatinine clearance, inhibit the production of lipid peroxidation in the kidney, and inhibit the reduction of glutathione content and SOD activity after DOX administration (90)

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They found the overall increase in hemoglobin levels in 62 HD patients to be significant at both 12 and 24 months (Table 3) [65]

This pathway can be inhibited by the cell-survival signaling pathways mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt (protein kinase B), which may protect the cells against the cytotoxic effects of VPA [210]