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While these are smaller single studies, taken together these articles identify possible new tools in an overall assessment, and highlight the benefits of using functional nutrition and lifestyle medicine

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4 Discussion Recent studies strongly indicate that antioxidant supplementation alone modifies the sperm epigenome, suggesting disruptions in male redox health, generally, may induce paternal effects on offspring development ( reviewed (Moazamian et al., 2025))

(PubMed) Santos LR, Duraes C, Mendes A, et al

The oxidative phase of the PPP is the only source of NADPH in red blood cells, which are devoid of mitochondria